Какие продукты неисчисляемые в английском языке
Неисчисляемые существительные — это существительные, которые нельзя посчитать.
Мы не можем сказать: раз молоко, две любви, три темноты — это НЕисчисляемые существительные.
В статье приведу список 250 самых распространенных неисчисляемых существительных по алфавиту. Пытаться объединять похожие существительные в группы и причислять их к неисчисляемым — не стоит. Например, слово «лук» — исчисляемое существительное. А «чеснок» — неисчисляемое.Слово «ТВ» television — неисчисляемое, а «радио» исчисляемое и пишется с артиклем.
Вот здесь я написала ответ на вопрос: «Капуста» и другие овощи — исчисляемые существительные или нет?
Так же, совет, когда перед вами стоит вопрос: ставить артикль перед не исчисляемым существительным или нет, опирайтесь на контекст. Вот наглядный пример: слово «снег» — неисчисляемое существительное. Но его вполне можно использовать с артиклем, исходя из контекста. Сравните эти два предложения:
We are getting snow this morning!
Our new dog loves the snow.
Еще момент, почему слово «комната» входит в список неисчисляемых, ведь комнаты вполне можно посчитать? Здесь тоже самое правило — опирайтесь на контекст.
Что нужно знать про НЕисчисляемые существительные
1. НЕисчисляемые существительные не могут стоять во множественном числе:
Мы не можем сказать: темнот, нефтей, алкоголей, балетов.
2. Никогда не используйте существительные во множественном числе с окончанием — s —
I need some informationS. Не верно.
I need some information. Правильный вариант.
He gave me two adviceS. Неверно.
He gave me two pieces of advice. Правильный вариант.
I bought two milkS and three riceS. Неверно.
I bought two bottles of milk and two boxes of rice. Правильный вариант.
3. Если вы не уверены, какой артикль ставить перед существительным и не знаете: исчисляемое существительное перед вами или неисчисляемое, используйте следующие универсальные слова, которые используются с обоим типом существительных. Это поможет сделать ваше предложение грамматически правильным.
The, some, any, no , a lot of, lots of, enough, plenty of.
250 распространенных неисчисляемых существительных
A — B
| Существительное | Перевод | Пример |
| access | доступ | Only a few people have access to this information. |
| accommodation | жилье | Does the company provide accommodation for the workers? |
| adulthood | совершеннолетие | You’ll have more freedom in adulthood, but more responsibilities too. |
| advertising | реклама | A lot of creative people work in advertising. |
| advice | совет | If you’re not sure what to do, ask your friends for advice. |
| aggression | агрессия | If he needs an outlet for his aggression, he could try boxing. |
| aid | помощь | Should rich countries give more aid to poor countries? |
| air | воздух | If there’s not enough air in the room, open a window. |
| alcohol | алкоголь | Whiskey contains much more alcohol than beer. |
| anger | гнев | Why was someone with so much anger allowed to own a gun? |
| applause | аплодисменты | After the concert, the applause went on for at least five minutes. |
| arithmetic | арифметика | I wanted to work in a bank because I was always good at arithmetic. |
| art | искусство | If you want to learn about art, visit the national gallery. |
| assistance | помощь, содействие | After calling 911 for assistance, we waited for an ambulance. |
| athletics | легкая атлетика | Jenny’s very good at athletics, and she’s even won some medals. |
| attention | внимание | The teacher found it difficult to get her students’ attention. |
| bacon | бекон | Would you like some bacon with your scrambled eggs? |
| baggage | багаж | The customs officer at the airport checked all my baggage. |
| ballet | балет | My dad loved ballet, and he even took us to see Swan Lake. |
| beauty | красота | Many poets have been inspired by the beauty of nature. |
| beef | говядина | I don’t eat beef or pork, but I like fish and seafood. |
| beer | пиво | It was a good party, but I think we drank too much beer. |
| biology | биология | If you study biology, you’ll learn how amazing life really is. |
| blood | кровь | When I studied botany, we often collected plants from forests. |
| bread | хлеб | I sliced a loaf of bread and then made some sandwiches. |
| business | бизнес | Before going into business, ask your father for some advice. |
| butter | масло | Would you like some butter on your toast? |
C-D
| Существительное | Перевод | Пример |
| carbon | углерод | Climate change occurs when there’s too much carbon in the air. |
| cardboard | картон | We could get cardboard for our signs by cutting up old boxes. |
| cash | наличные деньги | If you need some cash, go to an ATM machine. |
| chalk | мел | Don’t forget to take some chalk to your class. |
| chaos | хаос | There was chaos after the fire started, with people running in all directions. |
| cheese | сыр | Do you want some extra cheese on your pizza? |
| chess | шахматы | Do you feel like having a game of chess? |
| childhood | детство | For most of my childhood, our family lived in London. |
| clothing | одежда | We were poor, but we always had enough food and clothing. |
| coal | уголь | My grandmother used to cook on a stove that burned coal. |
| coffee | кофе | How many cups of coffee do you drink every day? |
| commerce | коммерция | Some historians say commerce began about 10,000 years ago. |
| compassion | сострадание | The Buddha taught us to feel compassion for all living things. |
| comprehension | понимание | Sayoko’s comprehension of written English is excellent. |
| content | содержание | This website’s content is great, and so is the design. |
| corruption | коррупция | All this corruption has made many politicians very rich. |
| cotton | хлопок | American farmers used African people as slaves to pick cotton. |
| courage | мужество, храбрость | The protesters showed so much courage, knowing they could be shot at any moment. |
| currency | валюта | How much local currency will I need to get a taxi from the airport? |
| damage | повреждения | We couldn’t believe how much damage the storm had caused. |
| dancing | танцы | My legs are sore after so much dancing in the club last night. |
| danger | опасность | Before the hunter could shoot, the deer sensed the danger and ran off. |
| data | данные | How much data can your computer’s hard drive store? |
| delight | восторг | We took great delight in watching our kids act in the play. |
| dessert | десерт | Would you like some ice cream for dessert? |
| dignity | достоинство | He accepted his defeat with dignity, and waved to the crowd. |
| dirt | грязь | My brother’s face was covered in dirt and his hair was a mess. |
| distribution | распространение | Marketing ebooks is difficult, but distribution is easy. |
| dust | пыль | All the furniture in the empty house was covered in dust. |
E-F
| Существительное | Перевод | Пример |
| economics | экономика | One of our daughters wants to study economics at university. |
| education | образование | To get on in this world, you need a good education. |
| electricity | электричество | Electricity is dangerous, so don’t try to fix the wires yourself. |
| employment | занятость | She graduated from university two years ago, but she still hasn’t found full-time employment. |
| energy | энергия | Using clean energy like wind and solar power is better than burning coal or oil. |
| engineering | инжиниринг | If she likes learning about machines, she should study engineering. |
| enjoyment | наслаждение | I never thought I’d get so much enjoyment from reading a book. |
| entertainment | развлечение | Television is one of the cheapest forms of entertainment. |
| envy | зависть | You should have seen the envy on Harry’s face when he saw his neighbour’s new car. |
| equipment | оборудование | My gym costs more than hers, but it’s got much better equipment. |
| ethics | этика | If schools taught ethics as a core subject, the world would be a much better place. |
| evidence | доказательство | There’s a lot of evidence proving he was there, like fingerprints and DNA. |
| evolution | эволюция | Some people still don’t believe in evolution from natural selection, despite all the scientific evidence. |
| failure | неудача | Sometimes we learn more from failure than we do from success. |
| faith | вера | I have faith in Mark because he always does what he says he’ll do. |
| fame | известность | Lots of people dream of fame and fortune, but very few achieve it. |
| fiction | фантастика | Alan’s favourite work of fiction is Lord of the Rings. |
| flour | мука | If you’re going shopping, could you get some flour? |
| flu | грипп | I’ve had the flu all week, and I can’t stop coughing and sneezing. |
| food | еда | If you want to live a long and healthy life, eat good food. |
| freedom | свобода | If you still don’t have freedom, you should be fighting for it! |
| fruit | фрукты | Fruit is delicious, and it’s also really good for you. |
| fuel | топливо | The pump stopped working because it’d run out of fuel. |
| fun | веселье | Our kids had lots of fun at the beach today. |
| furniture | мебель | My wife always wants to buy more furniture. |
G-H
| Существительное | Перевод | Пример |
| garbage | мусор | Did you remember to take out the garbage? |
| garlic | чеснок | People say garlic makes breath smell bad, but I can’t smell it. |
| gas | газ/бензин | We didn’t used that much gas last month, did we? |
| genetics | генетика | People who breed animals usually know a lot about genetics. |
| glass | стекло | Bottles made of glass are better for recycling than plastic ones. |
| gold | золото | European invaders stole a lot of gold from South America. |
| golf | гольф | Why don’t we have a game of golf on Sunday afternoon? |
| gossip | слухи | I can’t believe how much gossip I heard at Doreen’s dinner party. |
| grammar | грамматика | We need activities that make learning grammar more interesting. |
| grass | трава | The grass in the back yard’s getting too long, so I’d better cut it. |
| gratitude | благодарность | Ricardo expressed his gratitude to all those who’d helped him. |
| grief | горе | Maria was overcome with grief when her sister died. |
| ground | земля | We lay with our backs on the ground and looked at the stars. |
| guilt | вина | Do politicians feel any guilt when they start a war to boost their popularity? |
| gymnastics | гимнастика | I really enjoyed watching the gymnastics at the Olympics. |
| hair | волосы | Harry’s hair was long and blond when he was a teenager, but now it’s short and gray. |
| happiness | счастье | They enjoyed many years of happiness together. |
| hardware | оборудование | Your hardware is fine, but you need to get some new software. |
| harm | вред | Luckily the storm didn’t do any harm to our fruit tress. |
| hate | ненавидеть | Their eyes were full of hate as they beat and kicked their victim. |
| hatred | ненависть | Why do they feel so much hatred towards gay people? |
| health | здоровье | His health improved a lot after he started exercising. |
| heat | жара | The heat from the fire kept us warm all night. |
| height | высота | My brother and I are around the same height. |
| help | помощь | How much help did you get with your homework? |
| homework | домашние уроки | I did all my homework myself! |
| honesty | честность | Are you speaking with complete honesty about this? |
| honey | мед | Would you like some honey on your toast? |
| hospitality | гостеприимство | We were amazed by the hospitality of the people in the village. |
| housework | домашняя уборка | Does your husband do much of the housework? |
| humour | юмор | Even though it was a serious movie, it had moments of humour. |
| hunger | голод | By 2 o’clock in the afternoon, I was feeling pangs of hunger. |
| hydrogen | водород | Hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water. |
I-J
| Существительное | Перевод | Пример |
| ice | лед | Would you like some ice in your drink? |
| ice cream | мороженое | If I eat too much ice cream, I start to put on weight. |
| importance | важность | The research shows the importance of regular exercise. |
| inflation | инфляция | Inflation has made everything more expensive than before. |
| information | информация | Do you think the information on this website is accurate? |
| injustice | несправедливость | Nelson Mandela spent most of his life fighting injustice. |
| innocence | невинность | Despite their innocence, many good people were sent to jail. |
| intelligence | интеллект | Do you think IQ tests really measure intelligence? |
| iron | железо | In ancient Rome, knives and spear tips were made of iron. |
| irony | ирония | As we stood in the rain, Julie said, with much irony, «Lovely weather, isn’t it?» |
| jam | джем/варенье | Can I have some strawberry jam on my toast, please? |
| jealousy | ревность | If she even looks at another guy, her boyfriend goes crazy with jealousy. |
| jelly /Bre/ | желе | Mum made some red jelly for dessert. |
| jelly /Amer/ | желе | Can I have one of your peanut butter and jelly sandwiches? |
| joy | радость | When I held our first baby, tears of joy ran down my cheeks. |
| judo | дзюдо | Did you know that judo is an Olympic sport now? |
| juice | сок | Every morning I have a glass of freshly-squeezed orange juice. |
| justice | справедливость | Those boys who were jailed for a crime they didn’t commit are still waiting for justice. |
K-L
| Существительное | Перевод | Пример |
| karate | каратэ | My brother has a black belt in karate, so don’t bully me! |
| kindness | доброта | If you speak and act with kindness, everyone will like you. |
| knowledge | знание | We all need the knowledge and skills that an education provides. |
| labour | труд | Does this price include the cost of labour? |
| lack | отсутствие | The lack of English-speaking workers is a problem. |
| land | земельный участок | How much of this land can be used for farming? |
| laughter | смех | There’s always a lot of laughter in Maria’s classes. |
| lava | лава | Look at all that lava coming down the side of the volcano! |
| leather | кожа | If you’re going to ride a motorbike, wear a leather jacket. |
| leisure | досуг | Her favourite leisure activities are reading and playing tennis. |
| lightning | молния | Did you see all the lightning during the storm last night? |
| linguistics | лингвистика | If you study linguistics, you’ll learn all about language and how it works. |
| literature | литература | English literature was my favourite subject at school. |
| litter | мусор | People who leave their litter behind are lazy and selfish. |
| livestock | домашний скот | Are you sure the livestock on this farm is well-treated? |
| logic | логика | Can you explain the logic behind your decision? |
| loneliness | одиночество | She lives by herself, but she doesn’t suffer from loneliness. |
| love | любовь | How many different kinds of love can you think of? |
| luck | удача, везение | Kim never seems to have much luck when she gambles. |
| luggage | багаж | Can I leave my luggage here while I go to the bathroom? |
M-N
| Существительное | Перевод | Пример |
| machinery | машинное оборудование | We’ll have to buy a lot of new machinery for the factory. |
| magic | магия | You don’t really believe in the power of magic, do you? |
| почта | Who collects your mail while you’re away? | |
| management | управление | Without good management, a company won’t last long. |
| mankind | человечество | He says mankind’s biggest challenge is global warming. |
| marble | мрамор | Is this floor really made of Italian marble? |
| mathematics | математика | If you want to be an engineer, you’ll have to study mathematics. |
| mayonnaise | майонез | Do you want some mayonnaise on your salad sandwich? |
| measles | корь | His body was covered in red spots, so we thought he had measles. |
| meat | мясо | Did you buy this meat from our local butcher? |
| metal | металл | Bicycle frames are usually made of light-weight metal. |
| methane | метан | Is it possible to run a car on methane? |
| milk | молоко | How many litres of milk do you drink every day? |
| money | деньги | I’m trying to save enough money to buy a car. |
| mud | грязь | I fell over and got mud all over my clothes. |
| music | музыка | What sort of music do you like? |
| nature | природа | The beauty of nature has inspired many artists and poets. |
| news | новости | My dad watches the news on TV every night. |
| nitrogen | азот | Did you know that you can’t see or smell nitrogen? |
| nonsense | бред | You don’t believe all that nonsense about ghosts, do you? |
| nurture | воспитание | Parents are responsible for the nurture of their young. |
| nutrition | питание | If we eat for nutrition instead of taste, we’ll all be healthier. |
O-P
| Существительное | Перевод | Пример |
| obedience | послушание | Military commanders expect obedience from their troops. |
| obesity | ожирение | Diseases caused by obesity kill millions of people every year. |
| oil | нефть, масло | Saudi Arabia makes a lot of money from selling oil. |
| oxygen | кислород | When you breathe in, your body gets oxygen from the air. |
| paper | бумага | How many sheets of paper do you need? |
| passion | страсть | People on both sides of the debate spoke with passion. |
| pasta | макароны | Spaghetti, ravioli and lasagna are different types of pasta. |
| patience | терпение | After waiting an hour to see a doctor, I ran out of patience and left. |
| permission | разрешение | You’ll need permission from the boss if you want to leave early. |
| physics | физика | These new theories in physics are difficult to understand. |
| poetry | поэзия | Have you ever read the poetry of Walt Whitman? |
| pollution | загрязнение | Most air pollution comes from cars and factories. |
| poverty | бедность | Millions of people are still living in poverty. |
| power | мощность | The police have the power to arrest and charge people. |
| pride | гордость | We watched with pride as our son was awarded his medal. |
| production | производство | Rice production has increased this year. |
| progress | прогресс | I hope you’re making progress in your English. |
| pronunciation | произношение | Your pronunciation of English is excellent. |
| psychology | психология | My sister wants to study psychology. |
| publicity | публичность | The royal wedding got a lot of publicity in the media. |
| punctuation | пунктуация | Good punctuation will make your writing easier to read. |
Q-R
| Существительное | Перевод | Пример |
| quality | качество | Good quality shoes last longer than shoes of poor quality. |
| quantity | количество | The police found a large quantity of stolen goods in the house. |
| quartz | кварц | Quartz is often used in high-quality watches and clocks. |
| racism | расизм | Racism is still a problem in many parts of the world. |
| rain | дождь | All the farmers in our village are praying for rain. |
| recreation | отдых | Our students want less homework and more time for recreation. |
| relaxation | расслабление | Meditation is one of the best techniques for relaxation. |
| reliability | надежность | The main selling points for this car are its safety and reliability. |
| research | исследование | Before writing his book, he put a lot of time into research. |
| respect | уважение | Children in Asia have a lot of respect for their teachers. |
| revenge | жажда мести | The kids got together and planned their revenge on the bully. |
| rice | рис | How much rice do you think we need to cook for the stir-fry? |
| room | комната | Do you think there’s enough room for a piano in here? |
| rubbish | мусор, хлам | Put any rubbish in that bin over there. |
| rum | ром | Pirates like Blackbeard loved to drink rum. |
S
| Существительное | Перевод | Пример |
| safety | безопасность | My grandma always worries about safety in airplanes. |
| salad | салат | Would you like some salad with your meal? |
| salt | соль | Could you pass the salt and pepper, please? |
| sand | песок | We went to the beach and built a castle out of sand. |
| satire | сатира | A lot of political cartoonists use satire in their work. |
| scenery | вид, пейзаж, декорации | The scenery in the mountains was magnificent. |
| seafood | морепродукты | My wife loves seafood, especially lobster and prawns. |
| seaside | побережье | Every year we spend our vacation at the seaside. |
| shame | позор | I’ll never forget the shame I felt when I was caught stealing. |
| shopping | поход по магазинам | Can’t you think of anything better to do in your free time than shopping? |
| silence | тишина | After a moment of silence, we started talking again. |
| sleep | спячка, сон | All animals need periods of sleep, even fish and frogs. |
| smoke | дым | We could see the smoke, so we knew there was a fire. |
| smoking | курение | Some politicians want to ban smoking in all public places. |
| snow | снег | Does it ever snow in Brazil, or is it too hot? |
| soap | мыло | There’s a new bar of soap in the cupboard in the bathroom. |
| software | программное обеспечение | We used to buy software on discs, but now we download it. |
| soil | почва | The soil would be healthier if we added manure and compost to it. |
| sorrow | печаль | Can you imagine how much sorrow his mother must have felt? |
| soup | суп | There’s a tin of tomato soup in the cupboard if you want it. |
| speed | скорость | I wonder what the new Ferrari’s top speed is. |
| spelling | правописание | If you read more books, your spelling will improve. |
| sport | спорт | Do you think Uncle Bill watches too much sport on TV? |
| steam | пар | Trains and ships used to be powered by steam. |
| strength | прочность | Lifting that heavy sofa took all my strength. |
| stuff | материал | What’s this brown stuff on the bottom of my shoe? |
| stupidity | глупость, тупость | We’re all capable of stupidity from time to time. |
| success | успех | Success is great, but you can learn a lot from failure too. |
| sugar | сахар | How many teaspoons of sugar would you like in your tea? |
| sunshine | солнечный свет | We need a few minutes of sunshine every day to stay healthy. |
| symmetry | симметрия | The more symmetry there is in a face, the more beautiful it is. |
T-V
| Существительное | Перевод | Пример |
| tea | чай | Would you like a cup of peppermint tea? |
| tennis | теннис | My grandma is too old for tennis, but she still plays golf. |
| thirst | жажда | No matter how bad your thirst gets, don’t drink sea water! |
| thunder | гром | There was a flash of lightning, and then a crack of thunder. |
| timber | бревно | The frame is made of timber, but the walls are made of brick. |
| time | время | How much time do you spend at your computer every day? |
| toast | тост | Would you prefer jam or honey on your toast? |
| tolerance | толерантность | Parents and teachers should encourage tolerance among children. |
| trade | сделка | How much is our trade with African countries worth? |
| traffic | трафик | The traffic on Main Street is always bad in the morning. |
| transportation | транспорт | Don’t forget the cost of transportation from the airport. |
| travel | путешествие | How much travel will the job require? |
| trust | доверие | A company that betrays a customer’s trust won’t last long. |
| understanding | понимание | The classes will improve your understanding of grammar. |
| underwear | нижнее белье | Don’t forget to take plenty of underwear on the trip. |
| unemployment | безработица | Unemployment is a serious problem in many countries. |
| unity | единство | College initiation rituals are meant to create unity in the group. |
| usage | применение | Internet usage in China has increased a lot this year. |
| validity | период действия | The officials checked the validity of everyone’s passport. |
| veal | телятина | After petting a young calf, my son said he wouldn’t eat veal any more. |
| vegetation | растительность | Elephants can eat many different kinds of vegetation. |
| vegetarianism | вегетарианство | My doctor explained all the health benefits of vegetarianism. |
| vengeance | месть | These two families have been carrying out acts of vengeance on each other for fifty years. |
| violence | насилие | Both families want to end the violence, but they don’t know how to. |
| vision | видение | The injury to his eye limited his vision. |
| vitality | жизнеспособность | In their performance, all the dancers showed great vitality. |
W-Z
| Существительное | Перевод | Пример |
| warmth | тепло | We lay on the sand feeling the warmth of the sun on our bodies. |
| water | вода | Is the water here safe to drink? |
| wealth | богатство | His only goal in life was to accumulate more and more wealth. |
| weather | погода | The weather here is always beautiful in spring. |
| weight | вес | If I eat too much, I’ll start putting on weight. |
| welfare | благосостояние | A government’s main responsibility is the welfare of its people. |
| wheat | пшеница | Every year we export millions of tons of wheat. |
| whiskey | виски | How many glasses of whiskey did you drink? |
| width | ширина | The pool’s length is 100 metres, and the width is 20 metres. |
| wildlife | живая природа | Do you think shooting wildlife should be called a sport? |
| wine | вино | Shall we have a bottle of wine with our meal? |
| wisdom | мудрость | There was a lot of wisdom in what our grandmother said. |
| wood | древесина | Is Jenny’s new dining table made of wood? |
| wool | шерсть | How much wool grows on a sheep in one year? |
| work | работа | Try to find work doing something you love doing. |
| yeast | дрожжи | If you don’t add yeast to the dough, the bread won’t rise. |
| yoga | йога | Yoga has been practised in India for thousands of years. |
| youth | молодость | Is it better to spend one’s youth travelling or studying? |
| zinc | цинк | Zinc is an important trace element, especially for men. |
| zoology | зоология | Zoology is one of the most interesting branches of biology. |
Источник: https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/nouns-uncountable-list.htm
Источник
Сегодня мы рассмотрим, какие существительные в английском языке поддаются счету, а какие — нет. Узнаем, что делать, если существительное может быть как исчисляемым, так и неисчисляемым. А еще запомним, какие слова-определители нужно ставить в том или ином случае.
В этой статье будем учить английскую грамматику буквально на пальцах. Если количество существительных можно посчитать, они исчисляемые (countable), если нельзя — неисчисляемые (uncountable). Все просто: три яблока, два яйца и мука — навряд ли кто-то будет считать ее по крупинкам. Однако бывают исключения: какие-то существительные в русском языке поддаются счету, а в английском — нет, и наоборот. В этом случае вам поможет словарь. Также некоторые существительные в английском языке могут быть как исчисляемыми, так и неисчисляемыми — это зависит от контекста.
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Исчисляемые существительные в английском языке
Исчисляемые существительные в английском языке могут употребляться как в единственном (singular form), так и во множественном числе (plural).
I have a car. — У меня есть машина.
There are 40 cars in our Nissan dealership. — В нашем дилерском центре Nissan 40 машин.
Исчисляемые существительные в единственном числе нельзя употреблять в одиночку, перед ними обязательно нужно поставить слово-определитель, например, артикль (a/an/the), притяжательное местоимение (my — мой, his — его, our — наш и т. д.) или указательное местоимение (this — этот, that — тот).
Давайте более детально узнаем, что и когда лучше использовать с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе.
- Неопределенный артикль a/an. Считается, что этот артикль произошел от слова one (один). Поэтому и употреблять его нужно, когда мы говорим об одном из многих — неопределенном предмете, человеке или явлении.
She has got a car. — У нее есть машина. (какая-то одна)
My friend is a doctor. — Мой друг доктор. (один представитель класса)Если мы используем прилагательное, описывая что-то в первый раз, то сначала ставим артикль a/an, затем прилагательное и только потом существительное.
I heard a wonderful song last night. — Вчера вечером я услышал прекрасную песню.
Rome is a beautiful city. — Рим — красивый город. - Определенный артикль the. Полагают, что этот артикль берет свои корни у местоимения that (тот). Поэтому используем мы его тогда, когда говорим о чем-то конкретном, известном обоим собеседникам.
Can you open the window, please? — Не мог бы ты открыть окно, пожалуйста? (оба знают, какое именно окно нужно открыть).
I’m going to clean the car tomorrow. — Я завтра собираюсь помыть машину. (обоим известно, о какой машине идет речь) - Притяжательные и указательные местоимения. Используйте притяжательные прилагательные (my — мой, your — твой/ваш, his — его, her — ее, its — его/ее, our — наш, their — их), если в контексте это уместно и вы хотите указать, что кому принадлежит.
This is her daughter. — Это ее дочь.
My dog doesn’t bite. — Моя собака не кусается.Или можно употребить указательное местоимение (this — этот, that — тот).
This actor is brilliant. — Этот актер гениален.
That man is staring at me. — Тот мужчина пялится на меня.
А с чем же употреблять исчисляемые существительные во множественном числе?
- Нулевой артикль. То есть просто ничего не ставим. Пользуемся этим правилом в том случае, если мы говорим о чем-то в общем, ничего не конкретизируя.
She likes roses. — Ей нравятся розы. (розы в общем, не конкретные)
Cars pollute our environment. — Машины загрязняют нашу окружающую среду. (машины в общем, а не конкретные) - Определенный артикль the. Здесь срабатывает такое же правило, как и в случае с существительными в единственном числе — употребляем the, если говорим о чем-то конкретном или известном собеседнику.
The children are playing in the park. — Дети играют в парке. (мы знаем, о каких детях идет речь)
Where are the books I gave you? — Где книги, которые я тебе давал? (конкретные книги) - Неопределенные местоимения some, any. Используйте эти слова-определители, если не знаете точное количество того, о чем вы говорите.
Обычно мы употребляем some (несколько) в утвердительных предложениях.
There are some birds in the tree. — На дереве сидит несколько птиц. (нам неизвестно, сколько птиц)
We need to buy some balloons for the party. — Нам нужно купить несколько шариков для вечеринки.Any часто используется в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях вместо some.
I have not bought any apples. — Я не купил яблок.
Do you have any questions? — У вас есть вопросы?Обратите внимание, что any в утвердительном предложении принимает значение «любой».
You can buy any dress you like. — Ты можешь купить любое платье, которое тебе нравится.
- Слова, обозначающие количество (quantifiers). Это могут быть:
- many, a lot of — много
В разговорной речи мы чаще используем many в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях, a lot of — в утвердительных. В формальном стиле выражение a lot of использовать не рекомендуется.
We didn’t take many pictures. — Мы не сделали много фотографий.
I’ve seen a lot of great films recently. — Я посмотрел много отличных фильмов в последнее время. - a few — несколько, few — мало
Интересно, что только артикль a отличает a few (немного, но достаточно) от few (мало, недостаточно).
I have a few close friends. — У меня есть несколько близких друзей. (меня это устраивает)
Few people know about this. — Мало людей знают об этом. (хотелось бы больше)
- many, a lot of — много
Неисчисляемые существительные в английском языке
Неисчисляемые существительные в английском языке имеют только одну форму и согласовываются с глаголом в единственном числе.
There is sand in my shoes. — В моей обуви песок.
Your luggage looks heavy. — Твой багаж выглядит тяжелым.
Неисчисляемые существительные в английском языке можно поделить на несколько смысловых групп:
- еда: meat (мясо), salt (соль), bread (хлеб), chocolate (шоколад), soup (суп);
- жидкости: tea (чай), coffee (кофе), lemonade (лимонад), petrol (бензин), oil (масло), shampoo (шампунь);
- материалы и вещества: gold (золото), wood (древесина), sand (песок), paper (бумага), coal (уголь);
- абстрактные понятия: happiness (счастье), love (любовь), friendship (дружба), beauty (красота);
- предметы изучения и языки: chemistry (химия), literature (литература), Spanish (испанский язык), English (английский язык);
- болезни: flu (грипп), mumps (свинка), measles (корь);
- другое: money (деньги), furniture (мебель), weather (погода).
Что же можно использовать вместе с неисчисляемыми существительными?
- Нулевой артикль, если говорим о чем-то в общем.
She prefers green tea. — Она предпочитает зеленый чай.
- Определенный артикль the, если говорим о чем-то конкретном.
The tea that she served was delicious. — Чай, который она подала, был вкусный.
- Some, any. Правила использования такие же, как и в случае с исчисляемыми существительными: в утвердительной форме чаще употребляем some, в отрицательной и вопросительной — any. Используем, когда имеем в виду какое-то количество, и чаще всего на русский язык не переводим.
I have some money in my wallet. — У меня есть деньги в кошельке.
— Do you have any luggage with you? — У вас есть багаж с собой?
— No, I don’t have any luggage. — Нет, у меня нет багажа.Обратите внимание, что some может употребляться в вопросительных предложениях, когда мы что-то предлагаем или о чем-то просим.
Would you like some wine? — Вы не хотели бы выпить вина?
Can you lend me some money? — Ты не мог бы одолжить мне денег? - Слова, обозначающие количество:
- much, a lot of — много
Как и в случае с исчисляемыми существительными, в неформальной речи используем much в отрицательных или вопросительных предложения, a lot of — в утвердительных.
Why do you need so much time for the survey? — Почему тебе нужно так много времени на опрос?
You have a lot of furniture in your room. — У тебя в комнате много мебели. - a little — немного, little — мало
Обратите внимание, что как и в случае a few / few, разница в значении между a little / little связана с артиклем: a little — немного (достаточно), little — мало (недостаточно).
Pour a little milk in this glass, please. — Налей немного молоко в этот стакан, пожалуйста.
I have little milk, this is not enough for coffee. — У меня мало молока, его не хватит на кофе. - Чтобы указать количество неисчисляемых продуктов питания и веществ, используйте исчисляемые емкости или единицы измерения. Например: a kilo of sugar — килограмм сахара, a bottle of water — бутылка воды, a slice of pizza — кусочек пиццы и т. д.
Shall I bring a bottle of wine
- much, a lot of — много